Kubernetes architecture is straightforward and intuitive. Use livenessProbe and readinessProbe to help manage Pod lifecycles, or pods may end up being terminated while initializing or begin receiving user requests before they are ready.Automating CI/CD pipeline lets you avoid manual Kubernetes deployments entirely. Not every function within a logical code component need be its own microservice. Don’t get too granular with microservices.Descriptive labels help current developers and will be invaluable to developers to follow in their footsteps. Kubernetes will restart a failed container, so do not restart on failure. One process per container will let the orchestrator report if that one process is healthy or not. Small images build faster, are smaller on disk, and image pulls are faster as well. Start with lean, clean code and build packages up from there. Be careful when using basic Docker Hub images, which can contain malware or be bloated with unnecessary code.Avoid use of default value, since simple declaratives are less error-prone and demonstrate intent more clearly.Further secure containers by using only non-root users and making the file system read-only.Least privilege, zero-trust models should be the standard. Adopt role-based access control (RBAC) across the cluster.Open-source code pulled from a Github repository should always be considered suspect. Enhance security by integrating image-scanning processes as part of your CI/CD process, scanning during build and run phases.Ensure tools and vendors are aligned and integrated with Kubernetes orchestration. Invest up-front in training for developer and operations teams.Ensure you have updated to the latest Kubernetes version (1.18 as of this writing).Here are some best practices for architecting Kubernetes clusters: Gartner’s Container Best Practices suggest a platform strategy that considers security, governance, monitoring, storage, networking, container lifecycle management and orchestration like Kubernetes. Service controller: Manages cloud provider’s load balancers.Route controller: Establishes routes in the cloud provider infrastructure.Node controller: Determines status of a cloud-based node that has stopped responding, i.e., if it has been deleted.More than one cloud controller manager can be running in a cluster for fault tolerance or to improve overall cloud performance.Įlements of the cloud controller manager include: The cloud controller manager does not exist on clusters that are entirely on-premises. Only those controls specific to the cloud provider will run. cloud-controller-manager: If the cluster is partly or entirely cloud-based, the cloud controller manager links the cluster to the cloud provider’s API.Service Account and Token controllers: Allocates API access tokens and default accounts to new namespaces in the cluster.Endpoints controller: Connects Pods and Services to populate the Endpoints object.Node controller: Monitors the health of each node and notifies the cluster when nodes come online or become unresponsive. Replication controller: Ensures the correct number of pods is in existence for each replicated pod running in the cluster.kube-controller-manager: Although a Kubernetes cluster has several controller functions, they are all compiled into a single binary known as kube-controller-manager.Ĭontroller functions included in this process include:.kube-scheduler: When a new Pod is created, this component assigns it to a node for execution based on resource requirements, policies, and ‘affinity’ specifications regarding geolocation and interference with other workloads.Information in etcd is generally formatted in human-readable YAML (which stands for the recursive “YAML Ain’t Markup Language”). etcd is highly available and consistent since all access to etcd is through the API server. etcd: The key value store where all data relating to the cluster is stored.External communications via command line interface (CLI) or other user interfaces (UI) pass to the kube-apiserver, and all control planes to node communications also goes through the API server. As its name suggests the API server exposes the Kubernetes API, which is communications central. A Kubernetes control plane is the control plane for a Kubernetes cluster.
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